VBE
Syllabus- Types: Saloon,
convertibles, limousine, estate car, racing and sports car. Visibility:
regulations, driver’s visibility, test for visibility, methods of improving
visibility and space in cars. Safety design, safety equipments for cars. Car body
construction; design criteria, prototype making, initial tests,
crash tests on full scale model, Dummies and Instrumentation.
CAR BODY DETAILS
‘Carriage’ is the term for the vehicle jolting with 5miles/hour to the
smoothcomfort vehicle with a km/min. in the early version i.e. 1896-98 –Body is
nothing but aconvenient seat for the driver and a cover for the engine and
other chassis.Initially horse carriage builder build the body to a steel
framing/chassis.
To reduce the weight and to get difference in shape, sheet metal panels
replaced
hardwood framing reinforced with ironwork.
Around 1909-Vehicle speed 12miles/hr-design of body took place.
In 1913 Henry Ford started mass production of cars-Ford “Model-T” with
slogan “Carfor everyone”This car took few man-hours to assemble engine but
several man-hours for bodymanufacture.
In the next model “Model-A” many wooden components are replaced.
In 1930 Butt corporation of Philadelphia made all metal body, using
sheet metal
pressings-jointed by welding.
In 1930 only Spot welding had been introduced.
First style-Two seater open and equipped with sheets for covering the
driver and
passengers during inclement weather.
Later a glass screen was erected in front of the driver.
Four-seater style with collapsible hood and celluloid side screen-“all
weather” body.
Popular ‘saloon’ model-enclosed body, glass windscreen, wind-up windows
and sheet
metal roof.
In 1950 integral construction was introduced in passenger car
construction.
Types of Car body
1. Saloon or Sedan
i) Four door saloon
ii) Two door saloon
iii) Pillar less saloon
iv) Hatch back
v) Fast back
vi) Notch back
2. Convertibles
3. Limousine
4. Estate car
5. Sports Coupe
6. Coupe
Saloon
Saloon is a passenger car with two rows of seats and adequate passenger
space in
the rear compartment for passengers. The vehicle usually has a separate
rearboot for
luggage.
This is most popular passenger car
Passenger comfort such as easy Entery and Exit, Good
A/C,heating,ventelation
system and styling are the fetures of the model.
- Drag co-efficient is about 0.35-0.5
- The features of Two door and Pillar less saloon are as same that of
Four door
saloon.
- In Pillar less saloon, there not be center pillar and In case of Two
door saloon,
there is only Two doors are available.
- Hatch back- Identified by a rear door including the back window that
opens
vertically to access a storage area not separated from the rest of the
passenger
compartment. May be 3 or 5-door and 2 to 5 seats.
- Fast back- Fast back sedan is a two-box sedan, with continuous slope
from the
roof to the base of the Boot, but excludes the Hatback feature.
- Notch back- Notchback sedan is a three-box sedan, where the passenger
volume
is clearly distinct from the trunk volume of the vehicle (when seen from
the side).
The roof is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground, the rear
window at a
sharp angle to the roof, and the trunk lid is also parallel to the
ground.
2. Convertibles
A convertible is a type of automobile in which the roof can retract
and fold away, converting it from an enclosed to an open-air vehicle.
3. Limousine
- limousine is a luxury sedan or saloon car, especially one with
a lengthened wheelbase. The chassis of a limousine may have been
extended by
the manufacturer or by an independent coach builder. It is usually
provided with
a partition between the passenger compartment and driver compeartment.
- It is provided with components and equipments of high quality and better
finish.
-Cusion seats, A/C, cooling glass etc are the features of this model.
4. Eastate car
-The luggage compartment is countinuation of the passenger of the
passenger compartment without partition between them.
-Thus more luggage space and longer wheel base are the speciality of
this model.
-The other names are “Universal”, “Kombi”, “ Station wagen”, “Campaing
van”,
“Break van”.
-Convertible limousine has provited with windup window and foldind roof.
5. Sports Coupe
-It is a two seater with fixed roof.
-Better Aerodynamic shape to better acceleration.
-Light weight combined with rigidity.
-Drag Co-efficient is 0.2-0.3
6. Coupe
-Similar to sports coupe but with two small seats at back.
Visibility
Good allround visibility is now one of the main requirements of body
design.This is clearely depends on the size of the window openings and
their
position relative to the occupents.
Forward visibilty can be improved by bringing the front seats of the
passenger car closer to the front windscreen. On the other hand the
problem of
entry is increased, since the distance between the seat and the pillar
is decreased.
Ease entery is possible by suitably shaping doors( as shown by dotted
line) at
the expence of a more complecated structure.
In military vehicles the downward visibility is improtant and the driver
must be positioned as high as possible in relation to the lower edge of
the
windscreen. There are no strict regulations regarding visibility. It is
assumed that
the upward angle of the vertical visibility should be such as to enable
the driver to
see the trafic lights etc and this must be taken into consideration at
the design
stage.
Rearward visibility has assumed considerable importance in modern trafic
conditions and the increase in glass area required to maintain a given
rear view
veartical angle with a ‘Fast Back’ window is shown in fig.
Visibility can be divided into two aspects
1. Ability to see
2. Ability to be seen
Safety
Safety equipments for cars:
Bumber design: The bumber should be designed to absorb more energy.
2. Ignition switch should be connected with door lock that ignition can
be switched ,
only when all four doors are perfectely locked.
3. Airbag and Safety bags have to be used.
4. Herlomatic flash or Horn.
5. Collapsible steering.
6. Heat toughened glass.
Car body Construction
-Four door saloon considered as a hollow tube with holes cut in the
sides. Front and
rear bulkheads complete the box form provide torsional stability.Roof
stable structurecurved
shape-prevents misalignment.
-Floor-complete panel from front to rear. Fitted with integral
straightening ribs to prevent
buckling.
-With sill, Wheel arch, cross member and heelboard- strongest part of
the body.
Prototype
Car prototype can be considered to be the test model of a new car design
that is
intended to be produced in mass quantity. There is no company that goes
out and starts
mass production of a new car, without first creating a prototype of it.
A car prototype can also be referred as a test car. These car prototypes
are
developed to demonstrate the new qualities of their product to clients.
By subjecting these
car prototypes to numerous tests, the car designer gets to see the
strengths, weaknesses,
mistakes and limitations in a new car project. Then, by gathering this
information, the car
designer proceeds to rework the design through the car prototype until
the car reaches the
objectives of the designer. Sometimes, the participating cars in a race
are also called
prototypes. The reason for this is that these cars are not
mass-produced. These car
prototypes are specialized machines that are supposed to showcase new
innovations and
designs that the car manufacturer carries. These car prototypes are the
models for future mass-produced cars the manufacturer will be creating, based
on the results of the tests on
the car prototype.
Tests:
-Initial tests
-Crash test
Types crash test
§ Frontal-impact tests: which is what most people initially think of when
asked about a crash test. These are usually impacts upon a
solid concrete wall at a specified speed, but can also be
vehicle-vehicle tests. SUV’s have been singled out in these tests for a
while, due to the high ride-height that they often have.
§ Offset tests: in which only part of the front of the car impacts with a barrier
(vehicle). These are important, as impact forces (approximately)
remain the same as with a frontal impact test, but a smaller fraction of the
car is required to absorb all of the force. These tests are often realized by
cars turning into oncoming traffic. This type of testing is done by
the IIHS and Euro CAP
§ Side-impact tests: these forms of accidents have a
very significant likelihood of fatality, as cars don’t have a
significant crumple zone to absorb the impact forces before an
occupant is injured.
§ Roll-over tests: which tests a car’s ability (specifically
the pillars holding the roof) to support itself in a dynamic impact.
More recently dynamic rollover tests have been proposed as opposed to static
crush testing (video).
§ Roadside hardware crash tests: are used to ensure crash
barriers and crash cushions will protect vehicle occupants from roadside
hazards, and also to ensure that guard rails, sign posts, light poles and
similar appurtenances do not pose an undue hazard to vehicle occupants.
§ Old versus new: Often an old and big car against a small and new car , or two
different generations of the same car model. These tests are performed to show
the advancements in crashworthiness
Dummies and Instrumentation
Crash test dummies are full-scale anthropomorphic test devices (ATD)
that
simulate the dimensions, weight proportions and articulation of the
human body, and are
usually instrumented to record data about the dynamic behavior of the
ATD in simulated
vehicle impacts.
Non-contact optical speed & distance measurement systems EEP-2,
EEP-3, Micro
EEP-10 and DAS 1A
Pass by noise measurement system Ex. M/s Bruel & Kjaer, Denmark.
Gyro platform for pitch, roll and yaw measurement
Measurement of steering wheel Ex. M/s Datron Messtechnik, Germany.
Steering torque / angle measurement system
Dynamic simulation software – ADAMS
Correlation software ‘n code’
Ride quality meter
Fuel flow meters (positive displacement type)
High speed multi-channel data acquisition systems
Draw bar pull measuring Equipment
8 – Channel thermal array recorder
Vehicle Aerodynamics
Vehicle Aerodynamic Factors
§ Aerodynamic Forces
§ Laminar Separation
§ Tripping of
Boundary Layer
§ Pressure
Distribution
§ Wake
§ Tires
§ Glass and Trim
§ General
Improvements
§ Unconventional
Features
Aerodynamic Forces
§ Lift force
§ Drag force
§ Side force
§ Effects of
aerodynamic forces are profound
§ Force coefficients
§ Example
§ What is a vehicle’s
drag force, with a frontal area of 1.5 m2, CD of 0.4, and traveling at 30 m/s
§ Aerodynamic down
force
§ Opposite of lift in
direction
§ Uses an inverted
airfoil
§ Increases load on
tires without increasing the vehicle’s weight (up to 10% of vehicle’s weight)
§ Improves cornering
performance with no weight penalty
§ First discovered in
1960s!
§ Example of down
force
§ Example
§ Rear Spoiler (Mazda
RX-7 R-2)
§ CD = 0.31 (0.29 without spoiler)
§ CL front = 0.10 (0.16 without spoiler)
§ CL rear = 0.08 (0.08 without spoiler)
§ Underbody
improvements
§ Aerodynamic properties
§ Reduce drag
§ Increase down force
Laminar Separation
§ Laminar Separation
§ Flow separation
inside the boundary layer
§ Laminar Bubble
§ Streamlines
enclosed within the laminar separation
§ Laminar bubble area
is sensitive and can easily separate, resulting in excess drag
§ Can appear in low
Re range (104-105), and disappear as
speed increases, causing severe discrepancies in flow visualization and
analysis
§ The rear end shape
is the most critical factor in lowering the drag coefficient
§ Flow separation
above the rear window can cause annoying dirt deposits on the glass
Tripping of Boundary Layer
§ Introduction of
aerodynamic disturbances
§ Fins
§ Vortex generators
§ Strips of coarse
sand paper
§ Forcing laminar to
turbulent flow
§ Drag reduction due
to delay in the onset of flow separation
Pressure Distribution
§ Helps the placement
of inlets and outlets
§ Lower pressure at
the outlet
§ Higher pressure at
the inlet
§ Favorable pressure
distribution
§ Prevents flow
separation
§ Unfavorable
pressure distribution
§ Promotes flow separation
§ Promotes turbulent
flow within boundary layer
§ Example of inlet
§ Radiator inlet
configurations
Wake
§ The disturbed air
flow left behind the vehicle
§ Usually in the form
of a vortex
§ Caused by merging
air flows at different velocities near sharp edges
§ Increases drag
§ Presents danger to
the following vehicles
§ Can be controlled
with small fins or smooth edges
Tires
§ Tires influence a
vehicle’s aerodynamic properties
§ Cross sectional
area
§ Frontal area
§ Rotation of tires
§ Effects of tire
rotation
§ Effect of
all-wheel-steering
Glass and Trim
§ Drag can be reduced
by making glass and trim as flush with the body as possible
§ Elimination of rain
gutter improves the vehicle aerodynamics
General Improvements
1- Front spoiler
2- Ducted engine cooling
3- Shrouded windshield wiper arms
4- Aerodynamic mirrors
5- Smooth windshield transitions
6- Smooth side window transitions
7- Smooth rear window transition
8- Optimized trunk corner radii
9- Optimized lower rear panel
10 – Smooth fuel tank and underbody
11- Optimized rocker panels
12- Flush wheel covers
13- Elimination of the rain gutter
Unconventional Features
§ Large rear fins
promote lateral stability in the 1966 Peugeot CD
§ 1969 Chaparral 2J
used auxiliary fans to create suction under the car
§ Ford’s rear mounted
transverse engine
§ Fans improve
aerodynamic properties and reduce drag
Wind Tunnel
§ Used to study the
aerodynamic properties of an object in a stationary manner
§ Motion is simulated
by moving air (fluid) around the object of interest
§ Properties measure
in wind tunnel include pressures, forces, velocities, and vibrations
§ Wind tunnel studies
are not 100% accurate
§ Wind tunnel
pictorials:
Types of Wind Tunnels
§ A basic wind tunnel
(open-circuit)
§ General Motors’
wind tunnel (close-circuit)
§ Open-circuit wind
tunnels
§ Less expensive
§ Subject to ambient
conditions
§ Require more power
§ Close-circuit wind
tunnels
§ Avoids loss of
return air’s momentum
§ Constant ambient
conditions
§ Expensive
§ A wind tunnel can
not always simulate road conditions, e.g.,
§ Ground effect
§ Tire rotation
§ Reynolds number
(scale corrections)
§ Wall interference
§ Natural variations
in ambient conditions
§ Challenges
§ Model size
§ The larger, the greater the wall effect
§ The smaller, the less accurate
§ Simulation of the moving road
§ Mounting of model and rotating wheels
§ Wall effect
§ Examples of wall
effect corrections
§ Simulation of
moving ground
§ Important issue
about wind tunnel studies,
§ Understanding the
aerodynamic problem is more critical than sensitive instrumentation
§ Whatever works
satisfactorily in the wind tunnel, will usually work well on the road
§ Scale model studies
are usually too conservative, and the vehicle can be further optimized
Measurement of aerodynamic forces
Ways that air velocity and pressures are measured in wind tunnels:
§ air velocity
through the test section (called the throat) is determined by Bernoulli’s principle. Measurement of
the dynamic pressure, thestatic pressure, and (for compressible
flow only) the temperature rise in the airflow
§ direction of
airflow around a model can be determined by tufts of yarn attached to the
aerodynamic surfaces
§ direction of
airflow approaching an aerodynamic surface can be visualized by mounting
threads in the airflow ahead of and aft of the test model
§ dye, smoke, or
bubbles of liquid can be introduced into the airflow upstream of the test
model, and their path around the model can be photographed (see particle
image velocimetry)
§ pressures on the
test model are usually measured with beam balances, connected to the test
model with beams or strings or cables
§ pressure
distributions across the test model have historically been measured by drilling
many small holes along the airflow path, and using
multi-tube manometers to measure the pressure at each hole
§ pressure
distributions can more conveniently be measured by the use
of pressure-sensitive paint, in which higher local pressure is indicated
by lowered fluorescence of the paint at that point
§ pressure
distributions can also be conveniently measured by the use of
pressure-sensitive pressure belts, a recent development in which multiple
ultra-miniaturized pressure sensor modules are integrated into a flexible
strip. The strip is attached to the aerodynamic surface with tape, and it sends
signals depicting the pressure distribution along its surface.
§ pressure
distributions on a test model can also be determined by performing a wake survey, in which either a single pitot tube is used to obtain
multiple readings downstream of the test model, or a multiple-tube manometer is
mounted downstream and all its readings are taken (often by photograph).
Flow visualization
In experimental fluid dynamics, flows are visualized by three methods:
§ Surface flow
visualization: This reveals the flow streamlines in the limit as a
solid surface is approached. Colored oil applied to the surface of a wind
tunnel model provides one example (the oil responds to the surface shear
stress and forms a pattern).
§ Particle tracer
methods: Particles, such as smoke, can be added to a flow to trace the fluid
motion. We can illuminate the particles with a sheet of laser light
in order to visualize a slice of a complicated fluid flow pattern. Assuming
that the particles faithfully follow the streamlines of the flow, we can not
only visualize the flow but also measure its velocity using the particle
image velocimetry or particle tracking velocimetry methods.
§ Optical methods:
Some flows reveal their patterns by way of changes in their
optical refractive index. These are visualized by optical methods known as
the shadowgraph, schlieren photography, and interferometer. More
directly, dyes can be added to (usually liquid) flows to measure
concentrations; typically employing the light attenuation or laser-induced
fluorescence techniques
Unit
V Body materials, Trim and Mechanisms
Steel sheet, timber, plastic, GRP, properties of materials;
Corrosion, anticorrosion methods. Selection of paint and painting process. Body
trim items. Body mechanisms.
Body materials
1. Timber
2. Steel sheet
3. Plastic
4. GRP
1. Timber
Before the introduction of plastics, timber was used in vehicle
body
construction, because it is readily available, easily worked and
economically competitive, so far as the smaller manufacturer.
2. Steel sheet
The vehicle body building industry uses many different types of
steel.
Low carbon steel is used for general construction members. High
tensile
steels are used for bolts and nuts which will be subjected to
heavy load.
The steel sheet thickness various from 0.08mm to 1.5mm. This
type of
sheet metal is mostly used in vehicle body construction.
3.GRP
It is a combination of two basic materials. One is glass fiber
and other is
thermoplastic resign. The resign materials are relatively low
strength,
brittle but when combined with glass fiber it becomes strong
material.
4. Plastic
The use of plastics for interior trim is well established, and
new
applications are being found for components associated with the
running
gear, examples including reservoirs, air cleaner housings, belt
covers etc.
Corrosion and Anti-corrosion
A vehicle body exposed to corrosion through out its life and
because of the load
carrying structure determines the service life of the vehicle,
it is essential that it should be
properly protected against such effects. There are three types
of vehicle body corrosion.
1. Chemical corrosion
2. Electro chemical corrosion
3. Fretting corrosion
Anti-Corrosion treatment
Corrosion can be prevented by three basic methods
1. Improve materials.
2. Protective coating.
3. Correct design.
Selection of paint
The colors for finishing the vehicle should be based on
scientific principles of
colouring, which can be briefly outlined as follows,
All shades are based on three colours i.e Blue, yellow and red.
The basic concepts of
colour technology are as follows,
TONE: The tone of colour can be defined by its position in the
spectrum. i.e Wave length
VALUE: Value can be measured by the mixture of a natural grey,
value corresponds to
the concept of brightness or darkness of colours
INTENSITY: Intensity is defined by the mixture of white in the
colours, where full
colour has no white mixed with it.
Painting processes
1. Cleaning
3. Priming
4. Finish coating
5. Stoving
Trim
All items added to the body structure are called trim items.
Seat cushions,
instruments, accessories such as ventilation and A/C system,
floor lining, head linings,
door locks, window winding mechanism, lights, mirrors, etc. are
called trim items.
Body mechanisms
1. Door locking mechanisms
2. Window winding mechanism
3. Seat adjustment mechanism
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